Pop-up promotions experienced a remarkable climb in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly simple way for marketers to reach a vast audience. Driven by their noticeable visibility, these intrusive windows became ubiquitous across the internet , generating substantial incom

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis investigates the diverse methods employed by fraudsters and reveals their consequences on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By comparing various deceptive practices